Il ristagno di liquidi è un'estensione di picchettamento liquido where users take already-staked assets (like stETH from Lido) and restake them through EigenLayer to earn additional yield while receiving liquid tokens (LRTs, or Liquid Restaking Tokens) that represent the combined staking position and remain usable in DeFi.
EigenLayer pioneered the restaking concept on Ethereum, letting ETH stakers extend their cryptoeconomic security to new protocols (Actively Validated Services, or AVSs) beyond Ethereum itself.
Liquid restaking protocols (ether.fi, Renzo, Kelp DAO, Puffer Finance) automate this process by depositing into Autostrato on users’ behalf and issuing liquid tokens (eETH, ezETH, rsETH, pufETH) that automatically compound restaking rewards and remain usable as DeFi collateral, creating a yield-on-yield stack with additional tagliando rischio.
By 2026, EigenLayer has broadened its own positioning beyond pure restaking, rebranding its wider platform as EigenCloud and pushing into verifiable compute and AI-agent infrastructure worth knowing, since “EigenLayer” and “restaking” are no longer fully interchangeable the way they were in 2023–2024.
Origine e storia
| Data | Event |
|---|---|
| Giugno 2023 | EigenLayer mainnet opens for stETH restaking, introducing the “restaking” concept |
| Ott 2023 | Renzo Protocol launches; ezETH becomes one of the largest LRT tokens |
| Nov 2023 | ether.fi launches as a major liquid restaking protocol; eETH token |
| mar 2024 | EigenLayer opens for unrestricted deposits; TVL exceeds $15B by April–May 2024 |
| aprile 2024 | Renzo’s ezETH de-pegs roughly 18–20% following airdrop-design backlash |
| 2024 | Airdrop di token EIGEN; avvio dei servizi con convalida attiva. |
| 2025 | EigenLayer TVL climbs as high as $25B before entering a slower, more selective growth phase |
| APRILE 18, 2026 | Kelp DAO’s LayerZero bridge is exploited for ~$292–294M (18% of rsETH’s circulating supply), the largest DeFi hack of 2026, triggering ~$13B in two-day TVL outflows sector-wide and freezes on rsETH markets across Aave, SparkLend, and Fluid |
| APRILE 27, 2026 | A coordinated industry recovery effort (Aave, Consensys, Lido, ether.fi, and others) pledges 300M+ in support for affected users |
| mar 2026 | EigenLayer/EigenCloud TVL stabilizes around $8.9B, roughly half Lido’s $18.32B, marking a maturation phase for restaking |
Leggi anche: Staking
Come funziona
| Protocollo LRT | Token | sostegno | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| etere.fi | eETH | ETH in EigenLayer | Largest LRT by TVL; distinguished by non-custodial key management — users retain withdrawal keys |
| Renzo | ezETH | ETH in EigenLayer | One of the largest LRTs; suffered an 18%+ de-peg in April 2024 |
| Kelp DAO | rsETH | ETH in EigenLayer | Suffered a $292M cross-chain bridge exploit in April 2026 |
| Finanza Puffer | pufETH | ETH in EigenLayer | Focused on anti-slashing technology and reducing operator concentration risk |
"Il resttaking è l'innovazione più efficiente in termini di capitale nello staking di Ethereum: un ETH ora garantisce Ethereum e ogni AVS che adotta EigenLayer. La domanda è se la piramide del rischio sia sostenibile."
Beyond EigenLayer itself, two newer restaking layers have gained relevance: Simbiotico (permissionless, modular) and Karak (multi-asset, accepting wBTC and stablecoins as collateral alongside ETH).
EigenLayer still dominates the category with roughly 93% market share, but it’s no longer the only serious option.
In parole semplici
- Yield stacking: Regular ETH staking earns roughly 3–4% APY. Restaking adds incremental yield from securing additional services. Liquid restaking tokens let you do this while keeping your ETH DeFi-composable.
- EigenLayer foundation: EigenLayer is the base restaking layer — it lets ETH stakers “opt in” to securing new crypto services (oracle networks, bridges, rollups) and earn fees for that work.
- LRT tokens: Liquid Restaking Tokens (eETH, rsETH, ezETH) are your receipt for restaked ETH — they accrue restaking rewards and can be used in DeFi, similar to stETH but with restaking yield layered on top.
- Additional slashing risk: The extra yield comes with extra risk — restaked ETH can be slashed not just by Ethereum validators but also by AVS contracts that detect misbehavior.
- De-peg and bridge risk: LRTs can trade at a discount to ETH during stress events. Renzo’s 2024 de-peg came from panic selling; Kelp’s 2026 incident came from a cross-chain bridge exploit a reminder that risk in this category isn’t limited to peg mechanics alone.
Esempi del mondo reale
| Scenario | Implementazione/Attuazione | Risultato |
|---|---|---|
| ether.fi eETH | Deposit ETH → get eETH → use as Aave collateral → borrow USDC | ETH genera APY di staking + ristaking quando viene impiegato in DeFi |
| Renzo de-peg (2024) | Airdrop design backlash → mass sell of ezETH | Leveraged ezETH positions liquidated; early LRT risk demonstrated |
| Kelp DAO exploit (2026) | Attacker compromised LayerZero bridge infrastructure, minted ~$292M in unbacked rsETH | Largest DeFi hack of 2026; Aave froze rsETH markets, ~$13B exited DeFi in 48 hours, industry-wide recovery fund launched |
| Sicurezza AVS | An EigenLayer AVS (e.g. an oracle network) uses restaked ETH for security | The service inherits Ethereum-level cryptoeconomic security without needing its own token |
| Confronto della resa | Regular stETH: ~3–4% APY | Liquid restaked LRTs: roughly 4–7% total APY including AVS rewards and incentives, down from the inflated points-farming-era estimates of 2024 |
Vantaggi
| Vantaggio | Descrizione |
|---|---|
| Resa migliorata | Ricompense aggiuntive derivanti dalla protezione degli AVS, oltre al rendimento base dello staking. |
| Efficienza del capitale | One ETH can simultaneously help secure multiple protocols |
| Componibilità DeFi | Token LRT utilizzabili in DeFi come stETH |
| estensione di sicurezza di Ethereum | Lets new protocols bootstrap security using Ethereum’s existing trust |
| Ecosystem diversification | Beyond EigenLayer, options like Symbiotic and Karak now offer different collateral and governance trade-offs |
Svantaggi e rischi
| Svantaggio | Descrizione |
|---|---|
| Rischio di taglio stratificato | ETH can be slashed by Ethereum validators AND by AVS contracts |
| rischio di depilazione LRT | Renzo (2024) de-pegged on panic selling; peg risk remains real even without an exploit |
| Cross-chain bridge risk | Kelp DAO’s 2026 exploit came through bridge infrastructure, not the core restaking contracts — a distinct attack surface from slashing |
| Smart contract and infrastructure complexity | Multiple nested protocols and cross-chain messaging layers each add their own risk surface |
| Sostenibilità della resa | Restaking yields depend on AVS ecosystem fees growing; much of the historical yield came from token incentives, not durable revenue |
| Sector-wide contagion | The Kelp DAO exploit demonstrated that one LRT’s failure can freeze markets and drain liquidity across unrelated protocols within hours |
Suggerimenti per la gestione del rischio:
- Understand all slashing and bridge-dependency conditions before restaking — not just Ethereum validator risk, but each AVS and each cross-chain link involved.
- Never use leveraged LRT positions without understanding de-peg and liquidation risk.
- Diversify across LRT providers rather than concentrating in one.
- Monitor LRT/ETH peg ratios, and be aware that a protocol’s cross-chain bridge can be a bigger risk than its core restaking logic.
- Treat 2024-era yield figures as historical — post-EIGEN-airdrop, sustainable real yield is meaningfully lower.
Domande frequenti
Qual è la differenza tra liquid staking e liquid restking?
Liquid staking (del Lido stETH) stakes ETH for Ethereum validator rewards. Liquid restaking goes further – that staked ETH is also restaked in EigenLayer to secure additional services (AVSs), earning extra yield from those services too.
Posso perdere i miei ETH tramite il re-staking di Liquid?
Sì. Gli ETH rimessi in rete possono essere penalizzati (parzialmente distrutti) se si gestisce un nodo validatore che si comporta in modo disonesto su un AVS. Delegare a un protocollo di rimessa in rete liquido riduce (ma non elimina) questo rischio: gli operatori dei nodi del protocollo si assumono la responsabilità della penalizzazione.
Perché Renzo ezETH ha sganciato il suo adattatore?
Nell'aprile del 2024, Renzo annunciò il suo airdrop di REZ con un'allocazione che deluse molti partecipanti. La vendita massiccia di ezETH per chiudere le posizioni superò la liquidità di ETH disponibile nei pool, facendo crollare temporaneamente il prezzo di ezETH a circa 688 dollari su Uniswap (uno sconto di oltre il 18% rispetto a ETH) prima di risalire.
Il ricircolo dei liquidi è sostenibile a lungo termine?
Il rendimento dipende dalla crescita delle commissioni AVS man mano che l'ecosistema matura. Attualmente, una parte significativa del rendimento proviene dagli incentivi offerti dai token del protocollo (inflazione insostenibile). Un rendimento realmente sostenibile richiede che l'economia AVS generi commissioni effettive, cosa che è ancora in fase di dimostrazione.
